📋 Workflow
Full workflow, products add-to-cart directly1
Prepare FTO substrate
30 minClean FTO glass and treat with UV-ozone to clean the surface.
💡 Tip UV-ozone improves adhesion
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2
Deposit ETL
1 hSpin-coat or sputter TiO₂/SnO₂ as a compact ETL and anneal.
💡 Tip Compact pinhole-free film is key
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3
Deposit perovskite
1 hSpin-coat the perovskite precursor and anneal to crystallize a dense film.
💡 Tip Control humidity and atmosphere
⚠️ Caution Never skip lead-safety measures
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4
Deposit HTL
30 minSpin-coat the hole transport material and dope/oxidize.
💡 Tip Doping improves carrier transport
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5
Electrode & encapsulation
1 hEvaporate a metal electrode and cover with an encapsulation layer to prevent degradation.
💡 Tip Encapsulation boosts stability
⚠️ Caution Keep electrode off the active area
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6
Test performance
1 hMeasure J–V curve, efficiency, and stability under a solar simulator.
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⚠️ 5 Common Beginner Mistakes
- ① Discontinuous ETL raises leakage
- ② Pinholes short the device
- ③ High humidity degrades the cell
- ④ Under-oxidized HTL lowers efficiency
- ⑤ Electrode scratches the active layer
❓ FAQ
+Why is efficiency low?
Check film quality, interfaces, and band alignment.
+Severe hysteresis?
Improve interface passivation and measure equilibrium.
+How to improve stability?
Optimize composition and robust encapsulation.