📋 Workflow
Full workflow, products add-to-cart directly1
Clean FTO substrate
30 minSonicate FTO in detergent, deionized water, ethanol, and acetone.
💡 Tip Dry with N₂ to avoid water marks
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2
Spin-coat ETL
30 minSpin-coat SnO₂ or TiO₂ solution as the electron transport layer and anneal.
💡 Tip RPM controls uniform thickness
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3
Spin-coat perovskite
1 hSpin-coat the perovskite precursor and trigger crystallization with an antisolvent.
💡 Tip Work inside the glovebox under low humidity
⚠️ Caution Lead salts are toxic; use protection
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4
Spin-coat HTL
30 minSpin-coat Spiro-OMeTAD as the hole transport layer and oxidize.
💡 Tip Li-salt doping boosts conductivity
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5
Deposit electrode & test
1 hEvaporate Au/Ag electrode and measure J–V under a solar simulator.
⚠️ Caution Do not scratch the active layer with the mask
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⚠️ 5 Common Beginner Mistakes
- ① High humidity degrades the perovskite
- ② Bad antisolvent timing hurts crystallization
- ③ Discontinuous ETL causes leakage
- ④ Wrong annealing causes phase change
- ⑤ Poor Spiro oxidation lowers conductivity
❓ FAQ
+Low efficiency vs theory?
Check layer thickness, annealing, and interfaces.
+Sudden current drop = short?
Likely pinholes or shunts; improve ETL continuity.
+Can you work in air?
Best in a glovebox; minimize ambient exposure.