📋 Workflow
Full workflow, products add-to-cart directly1
Oxidize graphite
1–2 hReact graphite with strong oxidants in an ice bath, controlling addition temperature.
💡 Tip Add oxidant slowly to avoid boiling over
⚠️ Caution Strong acids/oxidants require PPE
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2
Dilute & quench
1 hSlowly dilute with water and add H₂O₂ to remove residual oxidant.
💡 Tip Keep cold during dilution
⚠️ Caution Fast water addition is highly exothermic
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3
Wash & purify
Hours–1 dayRepeatedly centrifuge and wash with water until neutral to remove acid and salts.
💡 Tip Sonication aids exfoliation
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4
Reduce
HoursReduce graphene oxide to graphene with a reducing agent or by heat.
💡 Tip Tune properties by reduction degree
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5
Characterize
2 hConfirm layer number and reduction by XRD, Raman, and SEM.
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⚠️ 5 Common Beginner Mistakes
- ① Over-oxidation fragments the sheets
- ② Residual acid from incomplete washing
- ③ Excess reductant residue/toxic
- ④ Long sonication shrinks flake size
- ⑤ Drying causes irreversible aggregation
❓ FAQ
+Graphene or GO?
Usually rGO; distinguish by Raman/XPS and conductivity.
+Hard to re-disperse?
Keep wet or use mild sonication with surfactant.
+High yield?
Moderate; optimize oxidant ratio and time.