📋 Workflow
Full workflow, products add-to-cart directly1
Set up reaction
30 minWeigh substrate, catalyst, ligand and base into a dry flask under inert atmosphere.
💡 Tip Prepare catalyst and ligand fresh; keep anhydrous and oxygen-free.
⚠️ Caution Pd catalysts are oxygen-sensitive; use N₂/Ar protection.
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2
Heat the reaction
3–6 hHeat to reaction temperature, stir, and monitor by TLC.
💡 Tip Reaction is essentially complete when the starting spot disappears on TLC.
⚠️ Caution Excess temperature causes byproducts; control heating rate.
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3
Quench reaction
20 minCool and quench with water or saturated NH₄Cl.
💡 Tip Quench slowly to avoid exothermic bumping.
⚠️ Caution Ensure the mixture is fully cooled before quenching.
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4
Extraction & separation
30 minExtract with ethyl acetate, combine organic phases, dry over Na₂SO₄.
💡 Tip Let phases separate fully to avoid emulsion.
⚠️ Caution Extract multiple times if the product is partly water-soluble.
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5
Purification & characterization
1.5 hPurify by column chromatography, then characterize by NMR/MS.
💡 Tip Determine eluent ratio by TLC before running the column.
⚠️ Caution Collect the target band carefully, avoid adjacent impurity bands.
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⚠️ 5 Common Beginner Mistakes
- ① Catalyst deactivation: non-dry or oxygenated system
- ② Residual substrate: insufficient reaction time
- ③ Many byproducts: excess temperature or wrong ligand
- ④ Emulsion: poor extraction
- ⑤ Low purity: incomplete column separation
❓ FAQ
+What if the reaction doesn't proceed?
Check catalyst activity, anhydrous/oxygen-free conditions, substrate compatibility and temperature.
+How to choose a coupling reaction?
Suzuki (boronic ester), Stille (tin), Buchwald-Hartwig (amine), chosen by functional groups.
+How to improve product purity?
Optimize column elution gradient, or recrystallize/prep-HPLC further.