📋 Workflow
Full workflow, products add-to-cart directly1
Antibody preparation
30 minBuffer-exchange purified antibody into conjugation buffer, remove additives
💡 Tip Need high-purity BSA-free antibody
⚠️ Caution Stabilizers interfere with conjugation
🧪 Materials for this step (click to shop by spec/brand)
2
Conjugation reaction
1–2 hAdd activated label (fluorophore/enzyme/drug) at ratio, react at RT in dark
💡 Tip Optimize molar ratio to control degree of labeling
⚠️ Caution Protect from light for fluorophores
🧪 Materials for this step (click to shop by spec/brand)
3
Purify and remove free label
1 hRemove unconjugated free label and byproducts by size-exclusion or ultrafiltration
💡 Tip Thorough removal improves quality
⚠️ Caution Excess washing loses antibody
🧪 Materials for this step (click to shop by spec/brand)
4
Degree of labeling and validation
30 minMeasure antibody and label concentration for DOL, verify activity by binding assay
💡 Tip Optimal DOL balances activity and signal
⚠️ Caution Over-labeling impairs antigen binding
🧪 Materials for this step (click to shop by spec/brand)
⚠️ 5 Common Beginner Mistakes
- ① Stabilizers in antibody block coupling
- ② Excess DOL impairs antigen binding
- ③ Unremoved free label causes background
- ④ Photodegraded fluorophore lowers signal
- ⑤ No binding validation before use
❓ FAQ
+What is degree of labeling?
Number of label molecules per antibody, balancing signal and activity.
+How to choose coupling sites?
Lysine is common but random; cysteine or site-specific is more controlled for ADC.
+Activity drop after conjugation?
Lower DOL, protect binding site or use site-directed conjugation.